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This is actually happening in a lot of cases beyond just stable IDs; that just happens to be a particularly easy case to repro it on. Running the RecyclerView test suite on the commit in aosp/2345032 (which validates the intended invariants around temp-detached ViewHolders) will reveal the full extent (thousands of failing tests).

There are two possible ways to fix this:

1. When binding a temporarily detached ViewHolder, temporarily re-attach it, perform the bind operation, then immediately temporarily detach it again. This is implemented as aosp/2366713 and passes all tests. I favor this solution, as it's very, very simple. There's not much in the way of potential to go wrong, confuse a third-party LayoutManager, have incorrect bookkeeping, etc. The only reason not to do this is that it performs more temp detaches/reattaches than is strictly necessary, though this is a sufficiently lightweight operation that we currently temp-detach every view on every layout. If this were a bottleneck, I'd think that'd be a place to look at as well.

2. When binding a temporarily detached ViewHolder, temporarily re-attach it, marking it as being temporarily reattached for binding. If the LayoutManager attaches the View manually, simply clear the flag. At the end of layout, go through the scrap views and properly handle these. I do not favor this approach, as it has many possible edge cases (for example, the LayoutManager might add the View somewhere other than the end, which isn't yet handled in the implementation). I've implemented the basics of this as aosp/2371868 as a proof of concept (though one test is currently failing—I am a bit surprised it's not more). I don't want to spend much more time on it, though, as I favor approach #1 absent a reason not to do that.

After discussion, we've decided on approach 1.

For AndroidX, the Android CL 2366713 seems to trigger an exception Design assumption violated. in FragmentStateAdapter.java (this links to the original CL).

As of 2023-03-06, the code looks like:

    @Override
    public final void onBindViewHolder(final @NonNull FragmentViewHolder holder, int position) {
        final long itemId = holder.getItemId();
        final int viewHolderId = holder.getContainer().getId();
        final Long boundItemId = itemForViewHolder(viewHolderId); // item currently bound to the VH
        if (boundItemId != null && boundItemId != itemId) {
            removeFragment(boundItemId);
            mItemIdToViewHolder.remove(boundItemId);
        }
        mItemIdToViewHolder.put(itemId, viewHolderId); // this might overwrite an existing entry
        ensureFragment(position);
        /** Special case when {@link RecyclerView} decides to keep the {@link container}
         * attached to the window, but not to the view hierarchy (i.e. parent is null) */
        final FrameLayout container = holder.getContainer();
        if (ViewCompat.isAttachedToWindow(container)) {
            if (container.getParent() != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Design assumption violated.");   // <================ FAILS HERE
            }
            container.addOnLayoutChangeListener(new View.OnLayoutChangeListener() {
                @Override
                public void onLayoutChange(View v, int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                        int oldLeft, int oldTop, int oldRight, int oldBottom) {
                    if (container.getParent() != null) {
                        container.removeOnLayoutChangeListener(this);
                        placeFragmentInViewHolder(holder);
                    }
                }
            });
        }
        gcFragments();
    }

The error has shown up before, but I think this is something new, since Android CL 2366713 directly updates attachment dynamics?

I don't know whether the original AndroidX was making bad assumptions on Android, or that Android CL 2366713 broke something? Looping in jgielzak@.

Note that this is impacting Chrome autoroll for AndroidX (Issue 1421341)