Trying to reproduce this on my 4.2.2 (v17) Nexus 4. Added this drawable:

<transition xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" >
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/test_drawable_blue"/>
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/test_drawable_green"/>
</transition>

where blue/green drawables look like this:

<shape
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:shape="rectangle">
    <size
        android:width="@dimen/drawable_large_size"
        android:height="@dimen/drawable_small_size" />
    <solid
        android:color="@color/test_blue" />
</shape>

Then added this test:

    @Test
    public void testMutateTransitionDrawable() {
        Drawable drawable = ResourcesCompat.getDrawable(mResources,
                R.drawable.test_transition_drawable, null);
        assertTrue(drawable instanceof TransitionDrawable);

        Drawable mutated = drawable.mutate();
        assertTrue(drawable instanceof TransitionDrawable);
        assertTrue(mutated instanceof TransitionDrawable);
    }

It passes on the device. Going to also try on other earlier devices a bit later in the day once they are charged.

Also not reproducible on Galaxy Nexus running 4.0.1 (v14), 4.0.4 (v15) and 4.2.2 (v17)

https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/frameworks/support/+/960032 with the test. Closing as not reproducible. If this is still happening for you, we'd need to see either a test (same as in this CL) or a small, standalone sample project that reproduces this issue on v17 (or other) devices.

Project: platform/frameworks/support
Branch: androidx-main

commit 8636738860ab0da3c2b6fe3b1ab6baa35d9c6066
Author: Sean McQuillan <seanmcq@google.com>
Date:   Mon Oct 23 13:24:54 2023

    Fix xmodule restrict for GoogleFont
   
    Fix: b/302377512
    Test: n/a
    Relnote: n/a
    Change-Id: If3a223649c9bbbb07e553f784211f02ef8c76f8b

D       compose/ui/ui-text-google-fonts/lint-baseline.xml
M       compose/ui/ui-text-google-fonts/src/main/java/androidx/compose/ui/text/googlefonts/GoogleFont.kt
M       core/core/api/current.txt
M       core/core/api/restricted_current.txt
M       core/core/src/main/java/androidx/core/provider/FontsContractCompat.java

https://android-review.googlesource.com/2800220

Project: platform/frameworks/support
Branch: androidx-main

commit 99c933c307b058d983319046311831e1c2138ce5
Author: Sean McQuillan <seanmcq@google.com>
Date:   Wed May 15 16:23:08 2024

    Introduce new public FontsContractCompat.requestFonts
   
    - Takes Executor for both loading and callback threads
    - Allows configuring returned Typeface style
   
    Relnote: Create FontsContractCompat.requestFonts that takes executors
    Test: ./gradlew :core:core:cAT
    Bug: b/302377512
    Change-Id: I0301600d9a3c2f5062631d59105e42ad51bb4754

M       core/core/api/current.txt
M       core/core/api/restricted_current.txt
M       core/core/src/androidTest/java/androidx/core/provider/FontsContractCompatTest.java
M       core/core/src/main/java/androidx/core/provider/CallbackWrapper.java
M       core/core/src/main/java/androidx/core/provider/FontRequestWorker.java
M       core/core/src/main/java/androidx/core/provider/FontsContractCompat.java

https://android-review.googlesource.com/3090665