DESCRIBE THE ISSUE IN DETAIL:

I'm sorry that I cannot provide reproducible project, because this error is related with incremental build only, and hard to reproducible.

I have a large Android Project.

And there are several library modules which are not included java or kotlin sources.

Sometimes (about 1-2%) I find errors like the one below.

org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskExecutionException: Execution failed for task ':app:dexBuilderDevelopDebug'.
at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.lambda$executeIfValid$1(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:149)
•••

Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Reported RESOURCE_ONLY_LIB/build/intermediates/runtime_library_classes_jar/debug/classes.jar as removed. Output mapping should be non-incremental.
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.DexArchiveBuilderTaskDelegate$OutputMapping.<init>(DexArchiveBuilderTaskDelegate.kt:553)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.DexArchiveBuilderTaskDelegate.<init>(DexArchiveBuilderTaskDelegate.kt:96)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.DexArchiveBuilderTask.doTaskAction(DexArchiveBuilderTask.kt:194)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.NewIncrementalTask$taskAction$$inlined$recordTaskAction$1.invoke(BaseTask.kt:69)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.Blocks.recordSpan(Blocks.java:51)
at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.NewIncrementalTask.taskAction(NewIncrementalTask.kt:46)

And it seems this exception raised at https://cs.android.com/android-studio/platform/tools/base/+/mirror-goog-studio-main:build-system/gradle-core/src/main/java/com/android/build/gradle/internal/tasks/DexArchiveBuilderTaskDelegate.kt;l=553-555

After added dummy source code in resource only library, this compile errors have disappeared.

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Studio Build: Any
Version of Gradle Plugin: 8.0, 8.1
Version of Gradle: 8.2, 8.3, 8,4
Version of Java: OpenJDK 17
OS: Any