IssueTracker

can you share sample project to reproduce same issue.

It happens in our company's real project and I am not able to share it.

It contains a Java module, 3 different Android module which one of them contains C/C++ native library that is being built by Cmake.

It is a BLE project with 100% kotlin code base by using latest Android build tools.

One more update, today I updated to Canary 8 and problem still remains. Canary 4 is the lastest version that is working fine.

I'm having the same issue. Canary 8 / alpha8 with one app module.

My stack trace also mentions an IllegalArgumentException at the bottom - java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Mandatory Manifest-Version attribute missing

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:packageDevDebug'.
> Failed to generate v1 signature

* Try:
Run with --debug option to get more log output.

* Exception is:
org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskExecutionException: Execution failed for task ':app:packageDevDebug'.
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.executeActions(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:100)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.execute(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:70)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipUpToDateTaskExecuter.execute(SkipUpToDateTaskExecuter.java:64)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ResolveTaskOutputCachingStateExecuter.execute(ResolveTaskOutputCachingStateExecuter.java:54)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ValidatingTaskExecuter.execute(ValidatingTaskExecuter.java:58)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipEmptySourceFilesTaskExecuter.execute(SkipEmptySourceFilesTaskExecuter.java:88)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ResolveTaskArtifactStateTaskExecuter.execute(ResolveTaskArtifactStateTaskExecuter.java:52)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.execute(SkipTaskWithNoActionsExecuter.java:52)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.execute(SkipOnlyIfTaskExecuter.java:54)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteAtMostOnceTaskExecuter.execute(ExecuteAtMostOnceTaskExecuter.java:43)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.execute(CatchExceptionTaskExecuter.java:34)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskGraphExecuter$EventFiringTaskWorker$1.run(DefaultTaskGraphExecuter.java:243)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor$RunnableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:336)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor$RunnableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:328)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.execute(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:197)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.run(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:107)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskGraphExecuter$EventFiringTaskWorker.execute(DefaultTaskGraphExecuter.java:236)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskGraphExecuter$EventFiringTaskWorker.execute(DefaultTaskGraphExecuter.java:225)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskPlanExecutor$TaskExecutorWorker.processTask(DefaultTaskPlanExecutor.java:124)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskPlanExecutor$TaskExecutorWorker.access$200(DefaultTaskPlanExecutor.java:80)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskPlanExecutor$TaskExecutorWorker$1.execute(DefaultTaskPlanExecutor.java:105)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskPlanExecutor$TaskExecutorWorker$1.execute(DefaultTaskPlanExecutor.java:99)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionPlan.execute(DefaultTaskExecutionPlan.java:625)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskExecutionPlan.executeWithTask(DefaultTaskExecutionPlan.java:580)
        at org.gradle.execution.taskgraph.DefaultTaskPlanExecutor$TaskExecutorWorker.run(DefaultTaskPlanExecutor.java:99)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ExecutorPolicy$CatchAndRecordFailures.onExecute(ExecutorPolicy.java:63)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ManagedExecutorImpl$1.run(ManagedExecutorImpl.java:46)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
        at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ThreadFactoryImpl$ManagedThreadRunnable.run(ThreadFactoryImpl.java:55)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
Caused by: org.gradle.tooling.BuildException: Failed to generate v1 signature
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.lambda$parallelForEachOutput$10(OutputScope.java:240)
        at java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1251)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.parallelForEachOutput(OutputScope.java:235)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.parallelForEachOutput(OutputScope.java:196)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.parallelForEachOutput(OutputScope.java:180)
        at com.android.build.gradle.tasks.PackageAndroidArtifact.doFullTaskAction(PackageAndroidArtifact.java:466)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.IncrementalTask.taskAction(IncrementalTask.java:106)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
        at org.gradle.internal.reflect.JavaMethod.invoke(JavaMethod.java:73)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.project.taskfactory.DefaultTaskClassInfoStore$IncrementalTaskAction.doExecute(DefaultTaskClassInfoStore.java:168)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.project.taskfactory.DefaultTaskClassInfoStore$StandardTaskAction.execute(DefaultTaskClassInfoStore.java:134)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.project.taskfactory.DefaultTaskClassInfoStore$StandardTaskAction.execute(DefaultTaskClassInfoStore.java:121)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter$1.run(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:122)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor$RunnableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:336)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor$RunnableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:328)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.execute(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:197)
        at org.gradle.internal.progress.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.run(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:107)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.executeAction(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:111)
        at org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.execution.ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.executeActions(ExecuteActionsTaskExecuter.java:92)
        ... 30 more
Caused by: java.io.IOException: Failed to generate v1 signature
        at com.android.apkzlib.sign.SigningExtension.onOutputZipReadyForUpdate(SigningExtension.java:297)
        at com.android.apkzlib.sign.SigningExtension.access$200(SigningExtension.java:55)
        at com.android.apkzlib.sign.SigningExtension$1.lambda$beforeUpdate$2(SigningExtension.java:175)
        at com.android.apkzlib.zip.ZFile.notify(ZFile.java:2099)
        at com.android.apkzlib.zip.ZFile.update(ZFile.java:871)
        at com.android.apkzlib.zip.ZFile.close(ZFile.java:1161)
        at com.android.apkzlib.zfile.ApkZFileCreator.close(ApkZFileCreator.java:172)
        at com.google.common.io.Closer.close(Closer.java:216)
        at com.android.builder.internal.packaging.IncrementalPackager.close(IncrementalPackager.java:332)
        at com.android.build.gradle.tasks.PackageAndroidArtifact.doTask(PackageAndroidArtifact.java:698)
        at com.android.build.gradle.tasks.PackageAndroidArtifact.splitFullAction(PackageAndroidArtifact.java:520)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.lambda$parallelForEachOutput$6(OutputScope.java:185)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.lambda$parallelForEachOutput$7(OutputScope.java:202)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.lambda$null$8(OutputScope.java:224)
        at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask$AdaptedCallable.exec(ForkJoinTask.java:1424)
        at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask.doExec(ForkJoinTask.java:289)
        at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask.externalAwaitDone(ForkJoinTask.java:326)
        at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask.doJoin(ForkJoinTask.java:391)
        at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask.join(ForkJoinTask.java:719)
        at com.android.ide.common.internal.WaitableExecutor.waitForAllTasks(WaitableExecutor.java:215)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.OutputScope.parallelForEachOutput(OutputScope.java:234)
        ... 49 more
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Mandatory Manifest-Version attribute missing
        at com.android.apksig.internal.jar.ManifestWriter.writeMainSection(ManifestWriter.java:47)
        at com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v1.V1SchemeSigner.generateManifestFile(V1SchemeSigner.java:363)
        at com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v1.V1SchemeSigner.sign(V1SchemeSigner.java:253)
        at com.android.apksig.DefaultApkSignerEngine.outputJarEntries(DefaultApkSignerEngine.java:372)
        at com.android.apkzlib.sign.SigningExtension.onOutputZipReadyForUpdate(SigningExtension.java:295)
        ... 69 more

Just an update, I tested my project with new release and problem still remains:

Android Studio 3.0 Canary 9
Build #AI-171.4220116, built on July 27, 2017
JRE: 1.8.0_152-release-884-b01 x86_64
JVM: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM by JetBrains s.r.o
Mac OS X 10.12.6

back to Canary 4 😉

Alex, can you have a look ?

What's happening is that the signing step of the APK building pipeline is presented with a pre-existing META-INF/MANIFEST.MF which, for some reason, does not contain the Manifest-Version attribute in its main section, making it an illegal/malformed manifest. Please assign to an owner of the APK building pipeline to investigate further.

Hung, could you have a look. thx

@#5 (Eliezer Graber): Is it possible that you cook up a small project and share with us?

I'm sorry, but I haven't been able to repro it.

I am not sure if this error is related to previous one, but after updating to recent Android Studio 3.0 Beta 1, I get this new error message and I am still unable to update my Android Studio to any new builds after Canary 4:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Error:Cause: java.lang.NullPointerException
        at sun.nio.fs.UnixPath.normalizeAndCheck(UnixPath.java:77)
        at sun.nio.fs.UnixPath.<init>(UnixPath.java:71)
        at sun.nio.fs.UnixFileSystem.getPath(UnixFileSystem.java:281)
        at java.nio.file.Paths.get(Paths.java:84)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.BuildOutput.getOutputPath(BuildOutput.java:222)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.BuildOutputs.lambda$load$2(BuildOutputs.java:243)
        at java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$3$1.accept(ReferencePipeline.java:193)
        at java.util.ArrayList$ArrayListSpliterator.forEachRemaining(ArrayList.java:1376)
        at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyInto(AbstractPipeline.java:481)
        at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(AbstractPipeline.java:471)
        at java.util.stream.ReduceOps$ReduceOp.evaluateSequential(ReduceOps.java:708)
        at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.evaluate(AbstractPipeline.java:234)
        at java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline.collect(ReferencePipeline.java:499)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.BuildOutputs.load(BuildOutputs.java:245)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.BuildOutputs.load(BuildOutputs.java:184)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.BuildOutputs.load(BuildOutputs.java:140)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.ide.BuildOutputsSupplier.lambda$get$1(BuildOutputsSupplier.java:55)
        at com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.forEach(ImmutableList.java:397)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.ide.BuildOutputsSupplier.get(BuildOutputsSupplier.java:50)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.ide.BuildOutputsSupplier.get(BuildOutputsSupplier.java:35)
        at com.android.build.gradle.internal.ide.AndroidArtifactImpl.getOutputs(AndroidArtifactImpl.java:134)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
        at org.gradle.tooling.internal.adapter.ProtocolToModelAdapter$ReflectionMethodInvoker.invoke(ProtocolToModelAdapter.java:592)
        at org.gradle.tooling.internal.adapter.ProtocolToModelAdapter$AdaptingMethodInvoker.invoke(ProtocolToModelAdapter.java:397)
        at org.gradle.tooling.internal.adapter.ProtocolToModelAdapter$PropertyCachingMethodInvoker.invoke(ProtocolToModelAdapter.java:625)
        at org.gradle.tooling.internal.adapter.ProtocolToModelAdapter$SafeMethodInvoker.invoke(ProtocolToModelAdapter.java:647)
        at org.gradle.tooling.internal.adapter.ProtocolToModelAdapter$SupportedPropertyInvoker.invoke(ProtocolToModelAdapter.java:670)
        at org.gradle.tooling.internal.adapter.ProtocolToModelAdapter$InvocationHandlerImpl.invoke(ProtocolToModelAdapter.java:356)
        at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy216.getOutputs(Unknown Source)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeAndroidArtifactImpl.<init>(IdeAndroidArtifactImpl.java:57)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeVariantImpl.lambda$new$1(IdeVariantImpl.java:63)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.ModelCache.lambda$computeIfAbsent$0(ModelCache.java:31)
        at java.util.HashMap.computeIfAbsent(HashMap.java:1126)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.ModelCache.computeIfAbsent(ModelCache.java:31)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeModel.copy(IdeModel.java:74)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeVariantImpl.<init>(IdeVariantImpl.java:62)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeAndroidProjectImpl.lambda$new$4(IdeAndroidProjectImpl.java:88)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.ModelCache.lambda$computeIfAbsent$0(ModelCache.java:31)
        at java.util.HashMap.computeIfAbsent(HashMap.java:1126)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.ModelCache.computeIfAbsent(ModelCache.java:31)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeModel.copy(IdeModel.java:74)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeAndroidProjectImpl.<init>(IdeAndroidProjectImpl.java:87)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.ide.android.IdeAndroidProjectImpl.<init>(IdeAndroidProjectImpl.java:68)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.model.AndroidModuleModel.<init>(AndroidModuleModel.java:131)
        at com.android.tools.idea.gradle.project.sync.idea.AndroidGradleProjectResolver.populateModuleContentRoots(AndroidGradleProjectResolver.java:214)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.AbstractProjectResolverExtension.populateModuleContentRoots(AbstractProjectResolverExtension.java:103)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.GradleProjectResolver.doResolveProjectInfo(GradleProjectResolver.java:366)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.GradleProjectResolver.access$200(GradleProjectResolver.java:79)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.GradleProjectResolver$ProjectConnectionDataNodeFunction.fun(GradleProjectResolver.java:902)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.GradleProjectResolver$ProjectConnectionDataNodeFunction.fun(GradleProjectResolver.java:886)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.execution.GradleExecutionHelper.execute(GradleExecutionHelper.java:218)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.GradleProjectResolver.resolveProjectInfo(GradleProjectResolver.java:139)
        at org.jetbrains.plugins.gradle.service.project.GradleProjectResolver.resolveProjectInfo(GradleProjectResolver.java:79)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.remote.RemoteExternalSystemProjectResolverImpl.lambda$resolveProjectInfo$0(RemoteExternalSystemProjectResolverImpl.java:37)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.remote.AbstractRemoteExternalSystemService.execute(AbstractRemoteExternalSystemService.java:59)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.remote.RemoteExternalSystemProjectResolverImpl.resolveProjectInfo(RemoteExternalSystemProjectResolverImpl.java:37)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.remote.wrapper.ExternalSystemProjectResolverWrapper.resolveProjectInfo(ExternalSystemProjectResolverWrapper.java:45)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.internal.ExternalSystemResolveProjectTask.doExecute(ExternalSystemResolveProjectTask.java:66)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.internal.AbstractExternalSystemTask.execute(AbstractExternalSystemTask.java:139)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.service.internal.AbstractExternalSystemTask.execute(AbstractExternalSystemTask.java:125)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.util.ExternalSystemUtil$3.execute(ExternalSystemUtil.java:388)
        at com.intellij.openapi.externalSystem.util.ExternalSystemUtil$5.run(ExternalSystemUtil.java:445)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.CoreProgressManager$TaskRunnable.run(CoreProgressManager.java:726)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.CoreProgressManager.lambda$runProcess$1(CoreProgressManager.java:176)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.CoreProgressManager.registerIndicatorAndRun(CoreProgressManager.java:556)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.CoreProgressManager.executeProcessUnderProgress(CoreProgressManager.java:501)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.ProgressManagerImpl.executeProcessUnderProgress(ProgressManagerImpl.java:66)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.CoreProgressManager.runProcess(CoreProgressManager.java:163)
        at com.intellij.openapi.progress.impl.ProgressManagerImpl$1.run(ProgressManagerImpl.java:137)
        at com.intellij.openapi.application.impl.ApplicationImpl$2.run(ApplicationImpl.java:334)
        at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511)
        at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Android Studio 3.0 Beta 1
Build #AI-171.4243858, built on August 4, 2017
JRE: 1.8.0_152-release-915-b01 x86_64
JVM: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM by JetBrains s.r.o
Mac OS X 10.12.6

@#13: It's a different error. Please see our known issues at the top of this page: https://developer.android.com/studio/build/gradle-plugin-3-0-0.html

Yes you where right, I fixed this issue by cleaning and adding new Android support libraries and also adding google as project repository. but after all previous issue (java.io.IOException: Failed to generate v1 signature) back again.

Can you reproduce this issue consistently? It would be great if you could reproduce it without changing branches (e.g., by looking at the diff between the two branches and figuring out the smallest change that would trigger the issue).

After more investigation using "gradle assemble --stacktrace" I found that the issue is with zip process:

    Error:org.gradle.tooling.BuildException: Failed to generate v1 signature
    Error:java.io.IOException: Failed to generate v1 signature
    Error:com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException: Unsupported character 0x0d in ZIP entry name "assets/.../Icon?"

There was a file named "Icon?" in my project which causes the crash.
I deleted the file and now everything is working fine.

This issue showed up in all versions after Android Studio Canary 4!
You can close this issue if there is nothing to do for fixing it!

3.0 Canary 4 is about the time we added that "Unsupported character" check, so that's why it happens from that version forward.

@Alex, it looks like we should not fail on the "?" character right? (Or maybe it is some encoded character that we fail to convert to a char type.) Could you look at the "CR, LF, and NUL are not permitted in ZIP entry names" change in V1SchemeSigner and confirm whether there is a bug in that code?

From comment #17, it's true that the exception is thrown for the 0x0d character; but also from the same comment, if the reporter removes the file named "Icon?" then there is no exception. Therefore, I was wondering if if there could be anything problematic with the V1SchemeSigner.checkEntryNameValid method (I know it's unlikely, but it's worth checking).

@Mohsen Mirhoseini: Could you show us the full path of that "Icon?" file? Is there any irregular character in that file? And where do you think the '?' character come from? My best guess is that the '?' character is actually the '\0' character but the system has to show it in the form of a '?' character.

It is not `?` character, I think it is `Icon` end with two \r (according to my .gitignore_global -> Icon<CR><CR>), which is a mac file system icon you or other applications can assign to folders and according to this link, it is very easy to make one!
http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/customize-mac-folder-icon/

It is hidden and you should press command + shift + . to make it visible.

I see, in that case I'm afraid you will have to remove the file because we currently don't support file names with these characters during signing. (@Alex, please correct me if I'm wrong.)

I'm not sure how we can work around this issue, looks like I will have to close this as impossible to fix.

Thanks for your report and the prompt response!

I got this again when I disconnected the device I was deploying to while the app was building. Subsequent builds failed with the same error until I did a clean build.

Correct. JAR signatures (aka v1 APK signatures) do not support file names containing CR characters. The reason is that file names are listed in META/MANIFEST.MF and META-INF/*.SF files without any escaping, yet CR character is treated as a line delimiter in these files.